- Title: Teacher–student relationships and student outcomes: A systematic second-order meta-analytic review
- Authors: Emslander, V et al
- Access the original paper here
- Watch a video overview:
Paper summary
This second-order meta-analysis synthesises over 70 years of educational research to evaluate how teacher–student relationships (TSRs) impact various student outcomes. By analysing 26 existing meta-analyses covering approximately 2.64 million students, the authors confirm that positive interactions significantly boost academic achievement, motivation, and well-being. Conversely, the research highlights how negative relationships, characterised by conflict or dependency, correlate with increased behavioural problems. The findings indicate that these social bonds are particularly influential for middle and high school students, suggesting that the importance of the TSR grows as children age. Ultimately, the study serves as a comprehensive guide for policymakers and educators, advocating for specialised teacher training to foster classroom environments built on safety and belonging.
If teachers remember one thing from this study, it should be…
If teachers remember one thing from this study, it should be that cultivating positive teacher-student relationships is crucial for fostering a sense of safety and belonging among students. These relationships significantly improve academic achievement, motivation, appropriate behaviour, and overall well-being for all students, regardless of gender.
***Paper Deep Dive***
What are the key technical terms used in the paper?
Key terms include:
- Teacher-student relationships (TSRs): Interactions characterised by closeness, conflict, and dependency.
- Second-order meta-analysis (SOMA): A quantitative method aggregating findings from multiple meta-analyses.
- Closeness: The warmth of teacher-student interactions.
- Conflict: Negative interactions.
- Dependency: Clingy student behaviour.
What are the characteristics of the participants in the study?
The study included approximately 2.64 million pre-K to 12th-grade students, ranging from 3 to 18 years old. Roughly half were female. Participants were predominantly healthy and lacked medical diagnoses. They generally had average IQs, and few studies explicitly focused on ethnic or social minorities.
What does this paper add to the current field of research?
This paper provides the field’s first quantitative umbrella study on teacher-student relationships using second-order meta-analyses. Unlike prior reviews that focused solely on academic achievement, it comprehensively synthesises evidence across behavioural, socioemotional, motivational, and cognitive outcomes, identifies influential moderators, and assesses the methodological quality of existing research.
What are the key implications for teachers in the classroom?
The study highlights several key implications for teachers seeking to effectively foster positive teacher-student relationships (TSRs) in the classroom:
- Actively invest in relationship-building: Teachers should proactively focus on fostering positive interactions (closeness and warmth) and avoiding negative ones (conflict and dependency) to enhance student achievement, well-being, and behaviour.
- Create a safe and inclusive classroom climate: It is central for teachers to foster an inviting environment that makes students feel safe and a sense of belonging. This involves setting transparent and fair rules, acknowledging students’ identities, and creating a “safe space to fail” where mistakes are treated as learning opportunities that build confidence rather than sources of embarrassment.
- Implement structured interventions: Teachers can utilise direct, proactive interventions—such as the “establish-maintain-restore” method or relationship-focused reflection—to improve classroom behaviour, increase closeness, and lower conflict.
- Develop conflict resolution skills: Teachers should seek professional development and training to equip themselves with these skills, enabling them to navigate challenging situations with students constructively and prevent negative TSRs.
- Prioritise teacher well-being: Positive relationships are a “two-way street”. Happy, motivated, and healthy teachers are better equipped to form positive TSRs, making it crucial for schools and teachers to acknowledge and address factors contributing to teacher stress and burnout.
- Apply strategies universally, but maintain focus on older students: Teachers do not need to differentiate their relationship-building efforts based on student gender, as positive TSRs are equally vital for both boys and girls. Furthermore, while younger students inherently need positive TSRs, teachers should be aware that these relationships continue to have a significant impact on middle and high school students, serving as protective resources during challenging periods such as high-stakes testing, bullying, or personal life events.
Why might teachers exercise caution before applying these findings in their classroom?
Most underlying studies rely on correlational designs, which cannot definitively establish causality. Consequently, it remains unclear whether positive relationships directly cause better student outcomes, if the effects are reciprocal, or if positive student traits simply make it easier to build good relationships.
What is a single quote that summarises the key findings from the paper?
“We found that TSRs [teacher-student relationships] were associated with crucial student outcomes, such as academic achievement and emotions, motivation, and appropriate behavior. Conversely, TSRs had negative relations with other outcomes (e.g., behavior problems at school). Thus, interventions should focus on improving TSRs and avoiding negative TSRs or aim to further enhance a specific student outcome (e.g., achievement and well-being) through positive TSRs.“
